{"id":600,"date":"2025-02-23T21:07:45","date_gmt":"2025-02-23T20:07:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/knutsson.dk\/wordpress\/?page_id=600"},"modified":"2025-02-23T21:56:04","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T20:56:04","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/knutsson.dk\/wordpress\/electronics\/tables\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">Glossary of commonly used words, abbreviations and terms within electronics with description. <\/p><\/div>\n\n    <style>\r\n        .az-glossary { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; }\r\n        .az-letters { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 30px; }\r\n        .az-letter { \r\n            background: #0073aa; color: white; padding: 8px 15px; cursor: pointer;\r\n            border-radius: 3px; transition: background 0.3s; min-width: 32px; text-align: center;\r\n        }\r\n        .az-letter:hover, .az-letter.active { background: #005177; }\r\n        .term-group { display: none; margin-bottom: 40px; }\r\n        .term-group.active { display: block; }\r\n        .term-group h2 { font-size: 24px;  padding-bottom: 8px; }\r\n        .term-item { margin-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 15px; border-left: 6px solid #0073aa; }\r\n        .term-name { font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 5px; }\r\n        .term-desc { color: #666; line-height: 1.6; }\r\n    <\/style>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"az-glossary\">\r\n        <div class=\"az-letters\">\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"A\">A<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"B\">B<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"C\">C<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"D\">D<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"E\">E<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"F\">F<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"G\">G<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"H\">H<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"I\">I<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"J\">J<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"K\">K<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"L\">L<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"M\">M<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"N\">N<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"O\">O<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"P\">P<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"Q\">Q<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"R\">R<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"S\">S<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"T\">T<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"U\">U<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"V\">V<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"W\">W<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"X\">X<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"Y\">Y<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"az-letter\" data-letter=\"Z\">Z<\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                                    <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-A\">\r\n                    <h2>A<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">AC\/DC Converter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Device converting alternating current to direct current or vice versa.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Accelerometer<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Sensor measuring proper acceleration in multiple axes.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Active High<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Signal that is considered &#039;on&#039; at logic high voltage level.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Active Low<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Signal that is considered &#039;on&#039; at logic low voltage level.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Digital circuit performing arithmetic and bitwise operations.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">AM (Amplitude Modulation)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Modulation technique where carrier amplitude varies with signal.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Ampere-Hour (Ah)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Unit of electric charge capacity in batteries.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Analog Comparator<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit comparing two analog voltages and outputting digital result.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Attenuation<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Reduction of signal strength during transmission.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-B\">\r\n                    <h2>B<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Ballast Resistor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Resistor limiting current flow in circuits like LED arrays.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Bandgap Reference<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Voltage reference circuit stable across temperature variations.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Baud Rate<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Number of signal changes per second in communication channels.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Bias Voltage<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">DC voltage applied to set operating point of active devices.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Bipolar Signal<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Signal swinging both positive and negative relative to ground.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Bleeder Resistor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Resistor safely discharging capacitors when power is off.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Boost Converter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">DC-DC converter increasing input voltage level.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Breakdown Voltage<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Voltage causing insulator or semiconductor to conduct.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Bus Pirate<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Open-source hacker tool for debugging serial protocols.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-C\">\r\n                    <h2>C<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">CAN Bus<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Robust vehicle communication protocol using differential signaling.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Capacitive Coupling<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Energy transfer between circuits via electric fields.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Charge Pump<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit generating higher voltages using capacitors\/switches.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Choke<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Inductor blocking high-frequency AC while passing DC.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Clock Signal<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Oscillating signal synchronizing digital circuit operations.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Common Mode Rejection<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Ability to reject signals common to both inputs (e.g., in op-amps).<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Comparator<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Device comparing two voltages and outputting digital signal.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Core Saturation<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Magnetic core reaching maximum flux capacity in inductors.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Coulomb Counter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Device measuring battery charge\/discharge in real-time.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Crowbar Circuit<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Overvoltage protection that short-circuits power supply.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Current Mirror<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit copying current through one device to another.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-D\">\r\n                    <h2>D<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Darlington Pair<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Transistor configuration providing very high current gain.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Debouncing<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Eliminating contact noise from mechanical switches.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Decade Counter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Digital counter advancing through 10 states sequentially.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Depletion Mode<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">FET that conducts when gate-source voltage is zero.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Derating<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Using components below maximum ratings for reliability.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Dielectric Absorption<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Capacitor retaining charge after short-circuiting.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Differential Pair<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Two conductors carrying equal\/opposite signals.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Digital Potentiometer<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Electronically controlled variable resistor.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Diode Bridge<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Four-diode configuration for full-wave rectification.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">DIP Switch<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Dual in-line package switch for board configuration.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Dithering<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Adding noise to improve ADC resolution in measurements.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Switch with two independent circuits and two positions.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Duty Cycle Corrector<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit maintaining 50percent duty cycle in clock signals.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-E\">\r\n                    <h2>E<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">EEPROM<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Electret Microphone<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Microphone using permanently charged dielectric material.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">EMF (Electromotive Force)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Voltage generated by energy source.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Enclosure<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Protective housing for electronic projects.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Internal resistance in capacitors affecting performance.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-F\">\r\n                    <h2>F<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Fall Time<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Time for signal to transition from 90percent to 10percent of maximum.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Fanout<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Number of inputs a logic gate can drive simultaneously.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Faraday Cage<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Enclosure blocking external electromagnetic fields.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Fault Current<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Abnormally high current from short circuits.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Feedthrough Capacitor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Component filtering RF noise at entry points.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Ferrite Core<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Magnetic material concentrating inductor flux.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Flash Memory<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Non-volatile memory allowing block-wise erasure.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Floating Input<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Unconnected input susceptible to noise pickup.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Flyback Converter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Isolated power supply using transformer energy storage.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Frequency Counter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Instrument measuring signal frequency precisely.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Full Duplex<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Simultaneous two-way communication capability.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-G\">\r\n                    <h2>G<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Gate Driver<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit providing sufficient current to switch power MOSFETs.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Ground Plane<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Copper layer in PCB acting as common reference.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Guard Ring<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Conductive trace preventing leakage currents.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-H\">\r\n                    <h2>H<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Hall Effect Sensor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Device measuring magnetic field strength.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Haptic Feedback<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Tactile response using vibration motors.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Henry (H)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Unit of inductance.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Hertz (Hz)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Unit of frequency (cycles per second).<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">High-Side Switch<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Switch placed between power and load.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Hipot Test<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">High potential dielectric strength test.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Hysteresis<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Dependence on both current and history of system state.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-I\">\r\n                    <h2>I<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">I\u00b2S (Inter-IC Sound)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Serial bus for digital audio devices.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Impedance Matching<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Adjusting input\/output impedances for maximum power transfer.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Inrush Current<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Temporary surge current during power-up.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Interrupt<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Signal halting microcontroller&#039;s main program flow.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">ISO 9141<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Diagnostic communication standard for vehicles.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-J\">\r\n                    <h2>J<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">J-Lead<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Surface-mount component lead shaped like letter J.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Jitter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Timing variations in digital signal transitions.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Joule Thief<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit extracting residual energy from batteries.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-K\">\r\n                    <h2>K<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Kelvin Connection<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Four-wire resistance measurement technique.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Kickback Diode<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Diode suppressing voltage spikes from inductive loads.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-L\">\r\n                    <h2>L<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">LAN (Local Area Network)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Computer network covering small physical area.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Latch-Up<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Parasitic short-circuit in CMOS devices.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">LC Circuit<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Resonant circuit with inductor and capacitor.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Leakage Current<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Small unwanted current through insulator.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Level Shifter<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit converting logic voltages between families.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Litz Wire<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Stranded wire reducing skin effect losses.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Load Cell<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Force sensor using strain gauges.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Logarithmic Amplifier<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Output proportional to input logarithm.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Logic Family<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">IC group with compatible voltage levels (TTL, CMOS).<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Low Dropout Regulator<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Voltage regulator with small input-output differential.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Position sensor using electromagnetic coupling.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-M\">\r\n                    <h2>M<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Magnetic Hysteresis<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Lag between magnetic field and material magnetization.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Manchester Encoding<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Synchronization-embedded data encoding method.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Reliability metric for components.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Memristor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Resistor with resistance dependent on charge history.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Mesh Networking<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Network topology where nodes relay data.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Metastability<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Unstable state in digital flip-flops during setup violations.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Microstrip<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Transmission line on PCB surface over ground plane.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Miller Effect<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Capacitance multiplication in amplifier stages.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Modbus<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Serial communication protocol for industrial devices.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Monostable Multivibrator<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit producing single output pulse.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Moore&#039;s Law<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Observation on transistor density doubling periodically.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Multiplexed Display<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Driving multiple segments with shared lines.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-N\">\r\n                    <h2>N<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">NAND Flash<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Non-volatile storage using NAND gate architecture.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Noise Floor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Background noise level in measurement systems.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Non-Volatile Memory<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Retains data without power (e.g., Flash).<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Nyquist Frequency<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Half the sampling rate in digital systems.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-O\">\r\n                    <h2>O<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Oscillator Startup Time<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Delay before stable oscillations begin.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Overcurrent Protection<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit preventing excessive current flow.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Oversampling<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Sampling at higher rates than required.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-P\">\r\n                    <h2>P<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Packet Sniffer<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Tool capturing network data for analysis.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Pad<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Metallized area on PCB for component attachment.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Parallel Termination<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Impedance matching at receiver end.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Passband<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Range of frequencies passed by filter.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Peak Detector<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit capturing maximum signal value.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Control system synchronizing output with input.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Photodiode<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Light sensor converting photons to current.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">PID Controller<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Control loop mechanism with proportional-integral-derivative terms.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Pinout<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Diagram showing IC pin functions.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">PoE (Power over Ethernet)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Delivering power through Ethernet cables.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Pogo Pin<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Spring-loaded contact for temporary connections.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Pull-Up Resistor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Resistor connecting signal line to VCC.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Encoding analog levels via duty cycle variation.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-Q\">\r\n                    <h2>Q<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">QFN (Quad Flat No-leads)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Surface-mount IC package with perimeter pads.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Quiescent Current<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit&#039;s idle state current consumption.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-R\">\r\n                    <h2>R<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Radial Capacitor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Component with leads exiting same end.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Rainflow Counting<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Algorithm analyzing mechanical fatigue cycles.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Rechargeable Battery<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Energy cell allowing multiple charge cycles.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Redundant Array<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Multiple components for fault tolerance.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Reluctance<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Magnetic resistance in flux path.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Reset Vector<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Memory address where CPU starts execution.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Ripple Voltage<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">AC component remaining in DC supply.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Rise Time<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Signal transition from 10percent to 90percent of maximum.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">RS-232<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Standard for serial binary data signals.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-S\">\r\n                    <h2>S<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Safe Operating Area (SOA)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Voltage\/current limits for power devices.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Sample &amp; Hold<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit capturing analog signal at instant.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Sawtooth Wave<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Linear ramp waveform with sharp reset.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Schottky Diode<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Diode with low forward voltage drop.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Scratch Protection<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Coating preventing PCB trace damage.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Self Resonance<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Frequency where inductor becomes capacitive.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Shielded Cable<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Cable with conductive layer blocking EMI.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Signal Integrity<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Preserving signal quality in transmission.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Single Point Ground<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Grounding technique preventing loops.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Slew Rate<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Maximum rate of output voltage change.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Snubber Circuit<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Suppresses voltage transients in switching.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">SOIC (Small Outline IC)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Surface-mount package with gull-wing leads.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Solder Mask<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">PCB coating preventing accidental shorts.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">SOT-23<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Small transistor surface-mount package.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Switch with one input and two outputs.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">SPICE (Simulation Program)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Software modeling electronic circuits.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Spread Spectrum<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Technique distributing energy across frequencies.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">SSOP (Shrink Small Outline Package)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Tighter pitch IC package.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Star Quad Cable<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Four-conductor cable for noise rejection.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Substrate<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Base material for semiconductor devices.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Supercapacitor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">High-capacity electrochemical capacitor.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Surface Mount Technology (SMT)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Components mounted directly on PCB.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Suspend Mode<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Low-power device standby state.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Switched Capacitor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit using capacitors as charge buckets.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-T\">\r\n                    <h2>T<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Termination Resistor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Impedance matching at transmission line end.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Thermal Cutoff<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Temperature-activated circuit breaker.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Three-Way Handshake<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Connection establishment protocol.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Time Constant<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">RC or RL circuit response time (\u03c4=RC, \u03c4=L\/R).<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Tinning<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Coating copper traces with solder.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Topology<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Arrangement of circuit elements.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Totem Pole Output<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Push-pull output stage in TTL gates.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Transceiver<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Combined transmitter and receiver.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Transient Suppressor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Device clamping voltage spikes.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">TRIAC<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Bidirectional thyristor for AC switching.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Twisted Pair<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Cable with intertwined conductors reducing EMI.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-U\">\r\n                    <h2>U<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver\/Transmitter)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Serial communication hardware.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Undersampling<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Sampling below Nyquist rate (aliasing).<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Backup power during outages.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-V\">\r\n                    <h2>V<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Varactor Diode<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Diode with voltage-dependent capacitance.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">VCO (Voltage-Controlled Oscillator)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Oscillator with frequency set by voltage.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Language for digital circuit design.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Voltage Follower<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Op-amp buffer with unity gain.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-W\">\r\n                    <h2>W<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Wave Soldering<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Mass soldering through-hole components.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Wire Gauge<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Standard for electrical wire diameters.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-X\">\r\n                    <h2>X<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">XOR Gate<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Outputs true when inputs differ.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-Y\">\r\n                    <h2>Y<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Y Capacitor<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Class-approved EMI suppression capacitor.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Yield Strength<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Stress causing permanent deformation.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-group\" id=\"letter-Z\">\r\n                    <h2>Z<\/h2>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Zener Breakdown<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Reverse bias breakdown in Zener diodes.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Zero Crossing Detector<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Circuit identifying AC voltage transitions.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">ZIF Socket (Zero Insertion Force)<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">IC socket with locking mechanism.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"term-item\">\r\n                            <div class=\"term-name\">Zigbee<\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"term-desc\">Wireless mesh networking standard for IoT.<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <script>\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n        const letters = document.querySelectorAll('.az-letter');\r\n        const groups = document.querySelectorAll('.term-group');\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Activate first available letter\r\n        const firstGroup 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